Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to movement issues like tremors and stiffness. The exact cause is unknown, but genetics and environmental factors are thought to be involved. While there is no cure, current treatments focus on managing symptoms through medications or surgery. This review aims to explore new ways to treat PD by looking at synthetic and natural drugs that could slow or stop disease progression. The review discusses the factors contributing to PD, such as genetics, environmental factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. It also reviews current treatment options, like levodopa and dopamine agonists, highlighting their limitations. Novel therapeutic approaches are examined, including natural compounds like mucuna pruriens and bacopa monnieri, which show promise in studies for improving dopamine production and neuroprotection. Furthermore, the study explores cutting-edge treatments like stem cell therapy, gene therapy, and optogenetics as potential future options for PD. It stresses the importance of early diagnosis and biomarker development for personalized treatment. By considering both traditional and new approaches, this review aims to advance the treatment options available for Parkinson’s disease and improve outcomes for those affected by the condition.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease (PD), dopamine, biomarker, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitor
